What Is A Mutation? What Are The Different Types Of Mutations?

Table of Contents (click to expand)

A mutation is a sudden change in the genes. Mutations may be beneficial or harmful to the organism. Different types of mutation include deletion mutation, insertion mutation, duplication mutation, substitution mutation, missense mutation, nonsense mutation, frameshift mutation, and silent mutation.

Technically, a mutation is defined as any sudden change in the genes. A mutation may or may not be beneficial to the organism and/or species. Different types of mutation include deletion mutation, insertion mutation, duplication mutation, substitution mutation, missense mutation, nonsense mutation etc.

Evolution is the basis of growth. It was evolution that took us from single celled organisms to the complex, multicellular organisms we our today. It is to evolution that we owe our existence, our survival and our virtue of being the smartest creatures on the planet.

One of the biggest subset of evolution is mutation. From green eye colour to the male species, all are a gift of mutation. Molecular biology is a fascinating field of study. However, before one divulges into advance topics, let’s get our fundamentals right.


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The Genetic Code

All our genetic information is stored and passed on in the simple arrangement of 4 basic nitrogenous bases – Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Thymine (T) and Cytosine (C). In RNA, the Thymine is replaced by Uracil (U). Adenine and Guanine are called purines, while thymine, cytosine and uracil are pyrimidines.

The arrangement of these 4 bases in various combinations eventually gives rise to proteins. The nitrogen bases are read in sets of 3, called codons. The codons determine the order of arrangement of the amino acids which undergo folding and more folding to create proteins.

DNA
(Photo Credit : Wikimedia Commons)

There a total of 64 codons – 43 = 64 (four bases read in sets of three). Of these, there is one START codon and 3 STOP codons.

Consider the following sequence : AUGCCAGCA

If the reading starts from A, the codons will look like this : AUG  CCA  GCA

If the reading starts from U, the codons will look like this : A  UGC  CAG  CA

If the reading starts from G, the codons will look like this : AU  GCC  AGC  A

The same arrangement of bases gives rise to different amino acids. Therefore, the START codon is a universal codon from where reading begins. Similarly, the STOP codon does the reverse, i.e. it determines where the reading for a protein will stop, and the next one will begin. The START codon is AUG, and the STOP codons are UAG, UAA, UGA.

Also Read: What Is DNA And How Does It Work?

Mutation Definition

Technically, a mutation is any sudden change in the genes. Conversely, evolution is a change in the gene which takes places over a prolonger period and is for the survival of the species. A mutation may or may not be beneficial to the organism and/or species.

Considering the intricacy of our genetic code and genes, there are a number of ways that these mutations can occur.

Types Of Mutation

Deletion Mutation

When one or more bases in the DNA are deleted, it causes deletion mutation. For instance, AUGGGACGA becomes AUGGACGA. The G base gets deleted from the middle.

Insertion Mutation

This is the opposite of deletion. In this type of mutation, a base gets added into the sequence. Like so. AUGACGAGA becomes AUGAACGAGA. The A gets added in the middle of the sequence.

Duplication Mutation

This is somewhat similar to insertion mutation. A part of the gene sequence gets duplicated and copied multiple times into the sequence.

AGCGGACGA becomes AGCGGAGGAGGAGGACGA.

The length of the duplicated sequence can vary from a single codon to multiple codons.

Substitution Mutation

In this type, a single base pair gets substituted with another. For instance, ACAGCCAGC becomes ACAGGCAGC – the C gets substituted with a G.

chart pu3
The Genetic Code (Photo Credit : Wikimedia Commons)

Inversion Mutation

Sometimes, a part of the DNA strand may break off from the middle. This segment, before getting reattached to the main strand, sometimes turns 180 ° before reattaching. This is known as inversion mutation. While there is no loss or addition of any bases, the order changes which can lead to a significant change in the protein it codes for.

Frameshift Mutation

Let’s take a simple example to understand this. Consider the deletion mutation we spoke of above wherein AUGGGACGA becomes AUGGACGA. Now let’s see how these will be read according to the genetic code.

AUG GGA CGA as opposed to AUG GAC GA

As is visible, the deletion of a tiny base has led to the whole DNA strand being read incorrectly due to the frame of reading. This means, that even though the rest of the strand is correct, it will still be read incorrectly. This is called a frameshift mutation. A tiny change in the DNA strand leads to misreading of a larger portion, due to the frame of reading.

Deletion, insertion and duplication lead to such types of frameshift mutations.

Also Read: What Is A Deletion Mutation?

Effects Of Mutation

Not all mutations cause undesirable changes in our genes. Based on this, there can be 3 types of mutations.

Missense Mutation

Some changes cause a change in our amino sequence. These could bring about slight changes, or major changes. However, they definitely cause a change in our amino acid sequence. This is a missense mutation.

Nonsense Mutation

Some mutations lead to the coding of a STOP codon, instead of a normal amino acid. This leads to formation of shorter protein sequences which maybe dysfunctional, or not functional at all. These are nonsense mutations

Silent Mutation

In the genetic code, the third base is less important. AAA and AAG both code for lysine. Therefore, when there is a change in the last base of a codon, the amino acid remains the same. This is due to the degeneracy of the genetic code. These mutations don’t cause any change in our proteins, and hence are called silent mutations

point mutation
(Photo Credit : Wikimedia Commons)

Mutation may not always bring about undesirable changes. The are an essential part of molecular biology, and hence it is necessary to understand their basics. A large number of diseases, like sickle cell anaemia, huntingtin’s chorea, fragile X syndrome, etc. are caused due to such mutations.

References (click to expand)
  1. What kinds of gene variants are possible?.
  2. Types of mutations.
  3. The Genetic Code.
  4. http://web.archive.org/web/20201122233020/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22042/