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The thermal mass of an object is its ability to store or absorb heat. Things that are considered ‘difficult’ to heat generally have a high thermal mass. Brick or concrete, for example, heat up only after they’re provided with a lot of heat energy. In contrast, lightweight objects, like wood, have low thermal mass because they’re not good at absorbing or storing heat.

Aluminum foil has a low thermal mass on account of having low mass and a high surface area. That’s why aluminum foil is not able to ‘hold’ much heat.

These factors combine to make aluminum an ideal choice for wrapping things, because it doesn’t hold a lot of heat. And whatever small amount of heat it does hold, it gets transferred out of it quickly due to the high thermal conductivity of metal.

#aluminumfoil #thermalconductivity #kitchenhacks

References:
http://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1057432/m2/1/high_res_d/5066461.pdf
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Tables/thrcn.html
https://wtamu.edu/~cbaird/sq/2016/03/08/is-metal-a-good-heat-shield/
https://sites.suffolk.edu/hmunir/2016/05/03/100/

Original Article Link:
https://www.scienceabc.com/eyeopeners/why-does-aluminum-foil-not-feel-hot-after-its-taken-out-of-an-oven.html

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1 0

The group or nation that dominates others is called a colonial power or imperial power, while the subjugated nation becomes a colony. This power play that colonial states use to exploit other nations for their own personal advantage, impose their culture, religion, and education, use their resources, and perhaps even physically settle there is colonization.

After countless wars between colonists and colonies, a wave of decolonization swept the world in the twentieth century, liberating most nations from colonial rule and establishing their independent identity. However, 16 territories are still under the colonial rule by the United Kingdom, the United States, and France. These relations are known as residual colonialism. These territories have not yet achieved self-government and are referred to as NSGT Non-Self-Governance Territories, which place 2 million people under colonial rule.

#colonialism #colonialhistory #colonialhome

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References:
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/colonialism/
http://ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/backgrounds/colonialism-and-imperialism
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/colonialism
https://unu.edu/publications/articles/residual-colonialism-in-the-21st-century.html
https://web.archive.org/web/20190206180126/https://www.un.org/en/decolonization/nonselfgovterritories.shtml

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https://www.scienceabc.com/social-science/colonisation-territories-still-colonised.html

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4 1

Stephen Hawking used a speech-generating device (SGD) or a voice output communication aid to communicate. This device is designed to supplement or replace speech and writing for people who have difficulty communicating in a traditional way.

Since 1997, Hawking has been using a computer-based communication system made by Intel Corporation. The entire computer system was replaced every two years to accommodate his gradual loss of muscle control over time. Hawking also wrote a short post titled ‘The Computer,’ briefly discussing the tools that helped him communicate.

#hawking #als #speechtechnology

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References:
https://doi.org/10.1080/02773945.2016.1142111
https://scholarcommons.scu.edu/cseng_senior/246/
https://doi.org/10.1145/2948076.2948112

Original Article Link:
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33 4

What are stem cells? How do they function? And how are they responsible for your existence, growth, and maintenance? Stem cells are a unique type of cell. They can self-renew to create more stem cells. They can differentiate into many different types of cells. Differentiation is like picking a career for a cell. Depending on how many types of cell a stem cell can become, there are different types. A totipotent stem cell is the zygote which can become any cell of your body. A pluripotent stem cell too can become almost any type of cell in the body. A multipotent stem cell can become several types of related cells. For example, hematopoietic stem cells are multipotent stem cells that generate RBCs, WBCs, and platelets. Finally there are unipotent stem cells that can only differentiate into one type of cell.

In 2006, researchers managed to convert a skin cell back into a pluripotent stem cell (induced pluripotent stem cells). We used to think that the process of ‘stem cells to specialized cells’ was irreversible. This research challenged that notion. Today, stem cells are part of therapies for diseases. Bone marrow transplant is given to patients with blood diseases. It introduces healthy stem cells in the patient.

#StemCells #CellRegeneration #Biotechnology

References:

https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-6-tissue-injury-and-aging
https://stemcells.nih.gov/info/basics/stc-basics
https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2303077120
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2408375/
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yexcr.2007.07.027
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2006.07.024

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13 0

Typically, when you hear the word dice, your mind immediately conjures up an image of a 6-sided cube. The world of dice, however, is much more expansive than your run-of-the-mill cubes numbered from 1 to 6. Believe it or not, there are 120-sided dice and 144-sided dice as well.

Dice with fewer sides than 6 also exist. Even coins (2 sides) are a type of die. Apart from coins, there are also 3-sided dice that look like prisms. Four-sided dice have been used in India since ancient times in games like Pachisi and Chaupar. Dice with 8 sides usually come in the shape of octahedrons, which are basically two square pyramids attached together.

Similarly, you can find many other dice of increasing complexity, such as dice with 8, 12, 20, 24, 28, 30, 60, 100, 120 and even 144 sides!

#dice #boardgames #mathgames

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13 3

Contrary to what popular movies portray, sharks are not attracted to human blood. However, they can’t sniff out one drop of blood from miles away. Blood and factors like disturbances in the water can be a possible pull for sharks. This is how sharks detect fish or marine mammals. Simply put, the chances of sharks being attracted to human blood or any other body fluid are much lower.

Moreover, only 3 out of 500 shark species are responsible for most attacks. They cause over 60% of all reported shark bites and 80% of the shark bites, resulting in casualties. In contrast, a 2.8 mm (0.11 inches) mosquito kills approximately 700,000 people each year, and man’s best friend, the dog, kills over 50,000 people each year by spreading rabies.

#sharkatttack #oceanscience #moviemyth

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References:
https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/national/outreach-and-education/fun-facts-about-shocking-sharks
https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/sharkseat.html
https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/shark-attacks/reduce-risk/menstruation/
https://taronga.org.au/sites/default/files/content/pdf/Shark_Attack_Theories_Paper_2014.pdf
https://doi.org/10.3389/fcosc.2021.692767
http://hdl.handle.net/10125/4935

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13 0

Hippos are intensely territorial and dominant animals. Male hippos will, as early as seven years old, start to learn and display aggressive shows of behavior. They are well known for opening their mouths wide and showing off their massive tusks and teeth to deter predators or invaders.

Yes, hippos do have a general dislike towards humans. And lions. And hyenas. And pretty much any other wild animal that intrudes on their territory. According to an estimate quoted by the BBC, approximately 500 people lose their lives every year to hippo attacks in Africa.

#hippopotamus #hippovscroc #elephantvshippo

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References:
https://doi.org/10.1093/omcr/omaa061
https://animals.sandiegozoo.org/animals/hippo
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/hippos-play-attack-lion-crocodile-africa-spd

Original Article Link:
https://www.scienceabc.com/nature/animals/why-are-hippos-so-angry-all-the-time.html

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21 8

For turtles and tortoises, their shell is all they need for protection. In fact, they’re completely dependent on it for survival. Most land-dwelling tortoises will sport a big, bone-hard, high-arched shell that offers them protection from weather, as well as predators that want to snag a bite.

A tortoise or turtle would feel excruciating pain if their shell gets broken, similar to the pain you’d feel if you shattered your knee. Holes in the shell, due to deficits of calcium and a lack of sunlight (vitamin D deficiency), can affect the normal growth of a tortoise, rendering it vulnerable to a range of diseases. Since the bone is a living tissue, any compromise to its structure can open it up to bacterial, fungal, or viral infections. This will further compromise the other living systems of the animal.

#turtleshell #tortoiseshell #shell

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References:
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-46762-z
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2013.11.063
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mechmat.2020.103614
https://phys.org/news/2016-07-real-turtles-shells.html
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4309-0_27
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1986.tb01906.x
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-142x.2001.003002047.x
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.02.027
https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/icm020
https://doi.org/10.5818/1076-3139.4.1.8

Original Article Link:
https://www.scienceabc.com/nature/animals/can-a-turtle-live-without-its-shell.html

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13 4

Einstein suggested that objects aren’t pulled by massive objects, but rather pushed down by the space above them. According to General Relativity, matter warps the fabric of not only space but time as well, collectively known as the continuum of space-time.

The fabric is like a grid of tightly strung rubber bands; when a massive object pushes and stretches them downward, the deformed rubber bands push objects under them. The theory implied that smaller objects weren’t pulled towards massive objects but were traveling on a downward slope, as the space in the latter’s vicinity was warped by its large mass. A free-falling body, therefore, follows the straightest possible path in space-time.

In other words, gravity is neither a push nor a pull; what we interpret as a “force” or acceleration due to gravity is actually the curvature of space and time — the path itself stoops downward.

#gravity #fundamentalforces #pushpull

References:
http://web.archive.org/web/20211114210703/http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/physics/140-physics/the-theory-of-relativity/general-relativity/1059-if-gravity-isn-t-a-force-how-does-it-accelerate-objects-advanced
https://vis.sciencemag.org/generalrelativity/
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1402-4896/aa6857/meta

Original Article Link:
https://www.scienceabc.com/eyeopeners/why-gravity-is-not-a-force-that-pulls.html

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17 2

When a quantum system is observed or measured, its behavior changes. This phenomenon is known as the "observer effect." Specifically, it refers to how particles can exhibit both wave-like and particle-like behavior, depending on whether they are being observed.

To demonstrate this phenomenon, the Weizmann Institute built a tiny device, less than one micron in size, that had a barrier with two openings. They then sent a current of electrons towards the barrier. The observer in this experiment was not human. Instead, they used a tiny electron detector that could spot the presence of passing electrons.  The quantum “observer’s” capacity to detect electrons could be altered by changing its electrical conductivity, or the strength of the current passing through it.

Apart from “observing,” or detecting the electrons, the detector had no effect on the current. Even so, the scientists found that the very presence of the detector “observer” near one of the openings caused changes in the interference pattern of the electron waves passing through the openings of the barrier. In fact, this effect was dependent on the “amount” of observation: when the “observer’s” capacity to detect electrons increased, in other words, when the level of the observation went up, the interference weakened; in contrast, when its capacity to detect electrons was reduced, and the observation slackened, the interference increased.

#observereffect #quantumphysics #doubleslitexperiment

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19 10

Surprisingly, despite the sun's heat, lakes don't visibly evaporate like a glass of water. There are two main reasons for this: first, the amount of water present in lakes and large water bodies is huge (at least compared to what you might have in a beaker/tub). Therefore, the process of evaporation is quite slow, which is why you don’t notice the difference in their water levels.

Having said that, in theory, lakes and ponds should (and do) dry up after a certain period, ranging from a couple of weeks to a few months, depending on how large the water body is. Fortunately, that doesn’t happen too often, thanks to the water cycle, which makes up for the water loss due to evaporation.

#evaporation #watercycle #hydrological

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15 3

Nuclear fission and fusion are two fundamental processes that release energy in different ways. Nuclear fission involves splitting heavy atomic nuclei, like uranium-235 or plutonium-239, into smaller fragments. This process releases a significant amount of energy along with additional neutrons that can sustain a chain reaction, leading to a steady release of energy. Fission is the principle behind nuclear power plants, where controlled chain reactions are harnessed to generate electricity. On the other hand, nuclear fusion involves combining light atomic nuclei, typically isotopes of hydrogen such as deuterium and tritium, to form a heavier nucleus. This process releases an immense amount of energy, much greater than fission, and is the power source of stars, including our Sun. Fusion reactions have the potential to provide abundant, clean energy with virtually no long-lived radioactive waste. However, achieving controlled fusion on Earth has proven challenging due to the extreme temperatures and pressures required to initiate and sustain the reaction, as well as technical challenges in confining and controlling the hot plasma. In this video, we have explained the differences and similarities between nuclear fusion and nuclear fission.

Video on Isotopes: https://youtu.be/oj2Wl83NytU

#nuclearenergy #FusionVsFission #cleanpower

References:
https://www.energy.gov/ne/articles/fission-and-fusion-what-difference
https://www.ansto.gov.au/news/fission-vs-fusion-an-explainer
https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/nuclear/

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