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A black hole is a celestial body or simply a place in space where the gravitational pull is so high that nothing, not even light can escape it. This is why it's completely black, and hence it's called a black hole. A black hole's “surface,” called its event horizon, defines the boundary where the velocity needed to escape exceeds the speed of light.

When a massive star dies, it leaves a small but dense remnant core in its wake. If the mass of the core if more than around 3 times the mass of the sun, the force of gravity overwhelms all other forces and a black hole is formed.

A black hole is not just empty space; in fact, it’s a great deal of amount packed into a very small area. Think of a star which is 10 times more massive than our is squeezed into a sphere which has the diameter equal to the size of New York city. The result will be a celestial object whose gravitational field is so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape it. This is why black holes are named so, because they are pitch black!


"Black holes explained" is a short-animated video explaining the science of ‘what is a black hole’ and ‘how black holes are formed’? The "black hole picture 2019" is a recent event that occurred in April 2019, which involved the release of the first ever black hole picture to the general public. But what are black holes? How are black holes formed? What’s the explanation behind the black hole theory?


#science #animation #blackhole

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95 11

The moment you think about astronauts, what comes to your mind would probably be a picture of an astronaut in a white spacesuit experiencing weightlessness in the vast expanse of space. Or perhaps you don't imagine a white astronaut. You imagine him/her to be geared up in orange. Besides white and orange, you would not have seen any astronaut donning any other color. So why do astronauts only wear white and orange spacesuits?

Basically, there are two types of spacesuits:
1. ACES suit (orange)
2. EVA suit (white)

ACES (advanced crew escape suit) suit, also called Launch/Entry suit, is a full-pressure orange suit that astronauts going into space wear during launch (lift-off). The reason why they are orange is because the color orange is highly visible in search and rescue operations (especially for sea rescue).

The EVA (extra vehicular activities) suit is intended for use in extreme space conditions. It is a white suit worn by astronauts during spacewalks. The most important reason for using white for EVA suits is that white reflects more heat than other colors, keeping the astronaut cool!

#spacesuit #space #astronaut

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20 4

There is no ultimate threshold for pain in human beings. Researchers’ best guess is that the maximum pain a human can tolerate is somewhere higher than 11 dol (somewhere between childbirth and taking a blowtorch to your face).

Your pain threshold is likely different (if only minutely) from every other person. The same is true for the pain threshold temperature (when heat or cold begins to register in your subjective mind as “painful”).

For researchers to study anything with scientific precision, a scale of measurement is required, but establishing that scale for pain itself is very challenging. Physical, psychological, and genetic factors all play a role in the perception of pain for human beings, making precise quantification and comparison nearly impossible.

#pain #paintolerance #health

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10 1

The record for the farthest distance that humans have traveled goes to the all-American crew of the famous Apollo 13 shuttle, who were 400,171 kilometers (248,655 miles) away from Earth on April 14, 1970.

However, if you want to get even more technical about humanity’s presence in space, we have gone much much farther! A space probe called New Horizons, launched in 2006, carried the ashes of Clyde William Tombaugh, the man who discovered Pluto, to Pluto!

#farthest #apollo13 #voyager

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19 1

Sitting for long periods can cause blood clots due to impeded flow of blood. Sitting without moving much can cause the blood to clot according to the effects of gravity. This doesn’t happen during sleep since we do move our bodies during our night’s sleep.

In the ‘lying down’ or ‘sleeping’ position, the legs are more or less on the same horizontal plane as the heart. As a result, the blood does not have to work very hard to fight gravity to reach the lungs and heart.

But the dynamics change while you’re sitting. While sitting, legs usually don't move much, and they are often angled. As such, the blood needs to fight gravity to flow upwards. The velocity of blood flow is impeded by the force of gravity. Thus sitting for long hours without moving much can potentially lead to blood clots in the body.

#bloodclot #bloodflow #clots
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8 0

Water especially the one which flows through the pipe contains atmospheric gases, such as nitrogen and oxygen, dissolved in it. As the glass filled with water sits out for a few hours, its temperature rises slightly (water gets warmer), which causes the dissolved gases in it to come out of the water and form bubbles along the inside of the glass.

When poured water in a glass is left at room temperature for a few hours, the atmospheric pressure begins to drop as its temperature begins to rise. As a result, the dissolved gases in the water escape from the solution and form bubbles in the rough areas inside the glass.

#bubble #dissolvedgases #chemistry

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15 2

Diarrhea happens when there is an imbalance in water secretion and absorption within the body. This excess water causes the stool to pass through quicker than normal.

Diarrhea feels like the food takes a “fast pass” out of the gut. Instead of being systematically broken down and absorbed, as in normal digestion, food gets rushed through the digestive tract and dumped out the other end. Diarrhea “fast pass” means that the gut can barely disassemble the food. In other words, diarrhea doesn’t give the gut cells enough time to catch and absorb these nutrients.

#diarrhea #digestion #gut

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10 1

Sun is obviously the hottest thing in our Solar System, but it is a mere candle when compared to several other stars and stellar phenomena, particularly supernova.

A supernova is a transient event that marks the last evolutionary stage in the life of a star in which its life ends with a colossal explosion. The temperatures at the core during this explosion reach up to 100 billion degrees Celsius, which is 6000 times the temperature of the Sun’s core. However, supernovae aren’t the hottest things in the Universe. In fact, the hottest thing in the Universe has been found or rather created on our own planet at the CERN laboratory in Geneva.

The coldest natural spot in the Universe currently is the Boomerang Nebula, which resides 5,000 light-years away from us. Its temperature is measured to be 1 Kelvin or -272.15 degrees Celsius.

#hottest #coldest #space

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50 5

While some people do appear to have a naturally good memory, and can accurately summon names, events and dates from thin air, there is a lot more nuance to memory than simply labeling a person’s ability as “good” or “bad”.

Memories are formed through processes in the brain that we understand quite well, and there are many proven techniques that can help to improve your memory skills. Both nature and nurture are involved, in addition to a wide range of other factors discussed in this video.

#memory #memorypower #remembering

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10 0

The gut microbiome are the trillions of microorganisms – primarily bacteria, but also fungi, viruses and protists – that live inside your digestive system. Scientists are discovering that these microbes are vital for us to live healthy lives. They help us digest food and provide us with nutrients, they can modulate our mood and help us sleep better, and they even help the immune system do their job better.

Gut bacteria are those bacteria that live inside the digestive system of all animals, including humans. We’ve found that these bacteria are crucial to our health, both physical and mental. They help us digest food, provide us with nutrients and help us fend of pathogenic bacteria.

Simply put – gut bacteria, also known as the gut microbiota, are the bacteria present in our bodies lined across the inner walls of our gastrointestinal tract. There are about 300-500 bacterial species in the human gut with their average population being 100 trillion. That’s enough to fill twelve thousand, six hundred and fifty-eight Earths at our current population. Initially, that was thought to be ten times the number of human cells in our body but new research suggests the ratio of bacterial cells to human cells could be 1.3:1.

#gut #microbiome #science

References:
https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/16/4/7493
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3983973/
https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(16)00053-2?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0092867416000532%3Fshowall%3Dtrue
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22137615/
https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-02807-x
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1323893017301119#:~:text=Although%20intestinal%20bacterial%20colonization%20begins,two%20big%20transitions%20in%20infancy
https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9721/9/3/45
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5433529/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5847071/
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0222394#ack
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4367209/

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499 29

VR (virtual reality) headsets are topping wishlists of kids and young children all over the world. With several VR headsets coming with age restrictions, is this new technology really safe for young children?

Well, there is no consensus amongst the VR headset makers on correct age to use a VR gizmo. Some are completely against children using VR, while others feel it's safe under parental supervision.

Despite the paucity of studies in this area, a few studies have revealed that virtual reality could impact the developing brains of young children. Prolonged exposure to a VR environment can negatively affect brain functioning in young children.

Young children may lack the reflexes to remove VR headsets if they are incorrectly fitted. Worse, kids may become so engrossed in virtual environment, that they ignore the discomfort.

#VR #virtualreality #VRsafety

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3 1

There are many planets in the universe, but very few of them have qualities to support life Taking one celestial body at a time and determining whether it supports life would be slow and inefficient. So, astronomers look for certain pointers in a celestial body to determine habitability.

Here are the key factors that make the planet habitable:
1. It has to be a comfortable distance away from a star (Habitable Zone)
2. The stars around it have to be ‘stable’
3. It should not have a very low mass
4. It must rotate on its axis and revolve
5. It should have a molten core
6. It should hold an atmosphere

#habitable #habitableplanet #habitablezone
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12 1